Energy without Russia: How do European Countries adapt?

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has had massive implications for the energy supply of EU member countries. The question of in what form and at what speed Europe could free itself from its strong dependency on Russian energy supplies was of paramount importance for the sustainability of the EU sanctions imposed after the invasion. How have the European countries reacted so far and what are the medium- and long-term adaption strategies developed? A series of FES papers describes how Europe has reacted to the supply crunch following the Russian invasion in Ukraine and how this affects the long-term energy polices in the countries of the EU.